Convection in Stars

• convective instability: simulation
• example: granulation in the Sun
• condition for convection: temperature gradient
• simulation of a convective star
• convection in main sequence stars

The Main Sequence Across Stellar Masses

• trends summarized
• importance of helium core and thus stellar mixing

Evolution Beyond the Main Sequence: Low Mass Stars

• core degeneracy
• shell hydrogen burning
• red giant phase
• Gaia HR diagrams: field stars, globular cluster

Final Phases of a Solar Mass Star

• helium flash
• core helium burning
• asymptotic giant branch
• paths on temperature-density diagram (Kovetz+ 2009)

Planetary Nebulae

• winds and mass loss: Mira resolved, trailing wake
• planetary nebula ejection and illumination
• observed planetary nebulae:
  
  • Ring Nebula: optical, zoom out
  • lemon slice
  • NGC2022
  • helix
  • spirograph